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My kingdom for a PR manager!

Rinaldo Francesca

The situation was hot: the people were out there on the streets, the streets, shouting in unison its terms. He wanted democracy and freedom. He wanted to be governed by people who had received his vote, not that horrendous dictator at the head military junta and, entrenched in his palace, unleashed the army to fire on protesters - on his own people - and already there were of the dead were . [1]
Amnesty International spoke of " arbitrary mass arrests and mistreatment of prisoners . [2]
And yet, with the world's eyes fixed on him, Barack Obama rimaneva inamovibile: gli Stati Uniti non sarebbero intervenuti.
Eh no cari, diceva il Saggio Presidente, non si poteva continuare così, con quest'ipocrisia da sinistroidi: criticare costantemente gli USA per essersi sempre impicciati dei fatti altrui, e adesso – tutt'a un tratto – mettersi a frignare perché non veniva alzato un dito per andare in soccorso al popolo dell'Honduras.
Oops, scusate: dobbiamo aver estratto questo file per errore!
Si cercava qualcosa – ovviamente – riguardo all'entusiastico interventismo nell'attuale situazione che ribolle e spaventa, laggiù, in quel della Libia... e guarda un po' tu che cosa ci va a capitare sotto gli occhi! Io e le mie mani maldestre! I ask you humbly apologize.
Yes, you have just read the stuff that goes back a year and a half ago, in the scorching summer of 2009. A military junta had stormed the palace of President Manuel Zelaya in the middle of the night, arresting a democratically elected president to install a provisional government, headed by Roberto Micheletti such a (certain: when it comes to military dictatorships, fascist, we say that a dear, old Italian family name is a bit 'as a hallmark).
mortal sin committed by Zelaya, it seems, was to raise the minimum wage union - a move very rude against multinational fruit Honduras underpaid their workforce (Dole, Chiquita, etc). [3]
The reaction to the coup by the people of Honduras was then clear: the Hondurans wanted the president to whom they had voted, except that their president no longer had any control over the military forces of this and casually fired less of the crowd, beating, arresting and brutalizing citizens in solidarity with Zelaya. It was then, in the midst of vague terms about the need to leave it up to the Hondurans to find the ideal compromise for them, which would guarantee a strong and prosperous future, etc etc, the president Barack Obama gave this speech , we could not to resist resurrecting:

"The same critics who say that the U.S. did not intervene enough then are the same people who say they always act, and that the Yankees need to go from Latin America. If these critics consider it appropriate that we put ourselves suddenly and behave in ways that in any other context, they would find it unfair, then I think this is perhaps a sign of a great hypocrisy in their approach to the relations between the U.S. and Latin America. " [4]

Why, it is clear to all: if there is one thing that President Obama can not stand are hypocrites.
Then compare that speech - if you like - with another, about the situation in Libya, the fact solo una settimana fa dallo stesso signore:

“Ciò di cui voglio essere sicuro è che gli Stati Uniti abbiano piena capacità di operare e agire, potenzialmente con rapidità, nel caso la situazione deteriorasse in modo da risultare in una crisi umanitaria, o in una situazione in cui civili senza difese si ritrovassero intrappolati e in pericolo”. [5]

Mio eroe! Piena capacità di operare e agire – per chi non lo avesse capito – significa spiegamento delle forze armate, in tutta la loro possenza.
Allora aiutateci Voi: una popolazione di sette milioni in America Centrale. Un'altra di sei milioni in Nordafrica. Entrambe risolute a cacciare lo spauracchio antidemocratico fuori dal palazzo of power - or so we were told. Both at stake - or so we were told.
What that has meant that only in Honduras there was no hurry to make "full capacity to operate and act?
Please, tell us that this is more than that that have chosen the right PR manager!
Yeah because, you see, the junta's military coup in Honduras at least had the foresight to hire an excellent image editor: this Lanny Davis, an expert lobbyist and (drum roll) has always been PR manager of the family Clinton!
Ta-daaa!
So, is there really a secret? It was So this is the error of Colonel Gaddafi? Tsk-tsk
, Mu'ammar, how many times have you said and repeated: must first take the right image editor, then - where appropriate - the "caretaker" sexy ...
He learned even your faithful Silvio!

[1] Army take street in Honduras - whiffs of Coup d'Etat , June 26, 2009, available here: http://www.indymedia.ie/article/92883

[2] Photos and Testimony of protestors show extent of police violence , Amnesty International, August 16, 2009, published at:
http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/honduras-photos-and-testimony -protestors-extent-shows-police-violence-20
[3] John Perkins: Speaking of Democracy, Honduras, and President Obama , August 5, 2009, see:
http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=PER20090805 & ArticleID = 14658
[4] Anna Aulova: Obama Knocks "Hypocrisy" of Honduras Critics , CBS News, 10 August 2009, available here:
http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-5230498- 503544.html
[5] Massimo Calabresi: Obama Refines Talk of Intervention Libya, Time, March 4, 2011, available at:
http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0, 8599 , 2057191.00. html

Mri Travelling Agency

The Chamber of Commerce

DALLA CAMERA DEI MERCANTI ALLA CAMERA DI COMMERCIO

La Camera dei Mercanti è l’ organismo che fin dal Quattrocento raccoglie e difende gli interessi del ceto mercantile in città . Dispone di uno Statuto (risalente al 1457) e affida la gestione del settore a quattro Consoli, che costituiscono anche un tribunale di prima istanza cui rivolgersi per ogni tipo di controversia commerciale.
Già nel secolo successivo questa struttura gestionale si articola maggiormente, ma soprattutto assume progressiva importanza la funzione giurisdizionale dei Consoli merchant, so that the Merchants' Chamber is often remembered as the merchants Court, and assists the Mayor in the administration of
city.

Piazza Mercato delle Scarpe in a painting by Claudio Facheris. At the center, the church of S. Rocco

The headquarters is located in the Chamber 1491 with his chapel in the palace above the fountain of the "old market" , ie in Piazza Mercato delle Scarpe (where he is the Church of San Rocco), but later moved to the Old Town Square . In fact, since 1501 has documented the presence of the Consuls in used by the Mayor, and the Chamber of Notaries get from Venice, "a bench in the Palace": therefore made by the Merchants' Chamber in a room in the Palazzo della Ragione in or ' area immediately adjacent to it.

Old Town Square with the Palace of Reason in a lithograph by Villeneuve, published in Paris in 1845

In the following centuries, up to 800 , the seat of the House to change the site many times, but always within the area of \u200b\u200bcivil Square, because now his legal function above makes it comparable to a city office. First in the Palazzo della Ragione, then in the Hall of Jurists, then nell'hospitium or former Attorney General, and the former Palace Suardo, the merchant Consoli are in effect the judges supported and recognized by the community.

Franceco Melzi d'Eril

The French Revolution marks the passage to Europe dall'ancièn regime to the contemporary age, the change takes to Bergamo with Revolution Bergamo (March 1797) and subsequent incorporation in the project Napoleonic , which inaugurates the birth of the Code of Commerce and Chambers of Commerce.
Within a few years, in fact, not only change political structures and redefine the ruling classes, but also create institutions to manage the economy and the "fulfillment of social need" that have a historical significance. When in

1802 (an Act of August 26), Francesco Melzi , vice president of the newly formed Italian Republic, provides that each court throughout the merchant should call themselves Chamber of Commerce Primary implement a break with previous institutions of the ancien regime: the State becomes guarantor of economic progress and mediator between the economic interests that express the different forms business, craft or agricultural .

too Bergamo, November 15, 1802, born Chamber of Commerce, whose members (belonging to the business world ) are initially appointed by the government, but later will be elected by the same dealers on a new form of verification of the wealth tax. Among the names of merchants and entrepreneurs who belong to two classes of persons entitled to elect and be elected, most important are those of operators in the textile sector ; in the first class in 1849 are: Lodovico Caroli, Frizzoni Antonio, Francesco Luigi Battista Fuzier, Ginoulhiac Eugenio, Giovanni Battista Piazzoni, Pietro Sozzi, Pietro Testa, Giuseppe Caffi, Giuseppe Carozzi, Knights Cesare, Giuseppe Palvis, Alessandro Valli, Antonio Bentivoglio, Ippolito Blondel, Ghislanzoni Carlo, Alessandro Menaresi, and representatives of families Almici, Zappa, Bonorandi, Riva, and Castagna Pegurri. In the second class, among others: Giovanni Battista Donadoni, Peter Ghidini, Alessandro Gritti Morley, Galeazzo Colleoni, Antonio Giambarini, Stefano Berizzi.

Giovanni Battista Berizzi, silk manufacturer. Oil on canvas.
Property: Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Handicrafts of Bergamo

The first seat of the Chamber of Commerce is the "main hall of the Palace Civic (Present site of the Library A. Mai), where he had already exercised the Chamber of Merchants, but in 1803 they began to settle the former Court House to offer a home independently.
first moved into a local street Black Eagle, where he remained from 1804 to 1809, when the Chamber of Commerce to find accommodation in Lower Town .

Former Town Hall, currently home to the Bibioteca A. Never

arises even in the same year problema di una particolare attenzione alla Val Gandino, che versava ormai in una difficile situazione economica a causa della crisi del lanificio. Perciò nel 1804, per volere dei francesi, si crea una Camera sussidiaria di Commercio a Gandino (presieduta da Giuseppe Sonetti, che rimarrà in vita solo fino al 1807), contro il parere prefettizio che avrebbe voluto invece una sede staccata a Breno per meglio concertare i collegamenti con la Valle Camonica.

  Particolare della Mappa Catastale Napoleonica della Città di Bergamo (A.S. Milano). Già dal 1809 la Camera di Commercio è in contrada S. Bartholomew, near the Fair.

The need for centralizing Napoleon and the need to control the institutions they were building an autonomous capacity for action, leading to the setting of Commercial Court and the abolition of the chambers. In Bergamo, however, and a few other commercial nerve centers, the Court works with the Chamber of Commerce (which is still in business) , often unclear in a web of tasks and activities, and more at the same site, in "three rooms adjoining the City," so along with community leaders. As an interim situation
is too confusing and already in 1808 , the two institutions are asking the City merchant can transfer their registered office in the Lower Town . The town of Bergamo is not in favor because it fears a dangerous economic depletion of the upper town, but some evidence that as early as 11 April 1809 the Chamber of Commerce is active in the San Bartolomeo (premises previously occupied by the Registry of the place of Pius Convent). The Commercial Court is instead in the Old Town Square .

At the end of 1811 the Napoleonic government restores the chambers, called hours "Chambers of Commerce, Arts and Crafts" , led by the prefects. The same applies to Bergamo where, however, alongside the institutional presidency, you create Vice President-elect and far more representative of local interests . This is the case of the first vice-lived Giovan Battista Bottaini , appointed in 1813 by Napoleon himself and remained in office until 1840, the year of his death, but the new Austrian government dare remove it. The Commercial Court
continue to operate independently until 1817 , when, still a need for policy control are permanently deleted from the Austrians and become the commercial sections of the civil courts . But even at this stage people are often the same as that Costanzo Piazzoni , Judge of the Court in 1813 and then Deputy Mayor of the District Court merchant and father of John the Baptist, the future president of the Chamber of Commerce.

not to alienate the ruling class, Austria does not touch the legislation of the House . None of the members appointed by the previous French government is removed, even in 1848, when many entrepreneurs participating in uprisings anti-Austrian, also giving rise to a provisional government, but retain their charge Curò James Chambers, John Ruspini, Frizzoni Antonio, Pietro Testa, and Louis Caroli, in addition to the Secretary Giovan Battista Berizzi, all patriots .

Joseph Piccinelli

In 1850 he was appointed president Piazzoni Giovanni Battista, a political moderate, but close to the positions of the Risorgimento and will remain in office until 1865 , when he was elected president Hercules Piccinelli . Meanwhile, nell’ ultimo decennio del secolo , comincia a prendere importanza all’interno della vita produttiva locale il settore dei materiali da costruzione .
Infatti dopo Stefano Berizzi (presidente fino alla morte avvenuta nel 1892 ) la presidenza viene assunta non solo da Giovanni Albini , amministratore di cotonifici , ma insieme a lui da Giuseppe Piccinelli , fondatore e responsabile della Società italiana dei cementi e delle calci idrauliche , la più importante azienda cementiera
della Lombardia.

LA SEDE DEFINITIVA DELLA CAMERA DI COMMERCIO: UNA SCELTA HISTORICAL

The Chamber of Commerce of Bergamo primary, established, as mentioned, with the law August 26, 1802, lived for some years to find a stable definition of its structure.
When the Chamber of Commerce in 1809 , finding accommodation in low City, saw a difficult choice, because never before had been called into question its place in the town center, in space a few meters, gathered the highest civil and religious institutions of the city. The discussion that led
this decision makes it clear that part of the entrepreneurial class was clearly opposed to the transfer of the Chamber of Commerce in towns, concerned that over time the city would lose "its former luster."
not forget that the rest of the Finance and Post had already been transferred in the lower town in 1797 where "for their particular tasks are much better situated in the villages where they place the passage of goods in transit
and the change from 'the couriers. "

The buildings of the Fair and the mass of the eighteenth-century theater to the 800 Riccardi

When, therefore, by ' April 11, 1809, the offices of the Chamber of Commerce found a place in the San Bartolomeo, was accomplished in this way a historic choice which began to transfer the plan of political and administrative heart of the city.

course was not randomly chosen to place all the institutions, Superintendency of Finance, Customs, the General Retirement salts, and the Chamber of Commerce Post in the vicinity of Fair , now become an international symbol of the dynamism of entrepreneurs and commercial production Bergamo and that a few years earlier had already acted as a magnet for the construction the Teatro Riccardi .

Riccardi Theatre in 1880, with the porch overlooking the street S. Bartholomew and Sentierone. Photo Taramelli (Collection Lucchetti)

I locali scelti dalla camera di Commercio furono dapprima presi in affitto e successivamente acquistati nel 1810 a lire 14.326. Molto più tardi, nel 1821 , iniziarono le prime trasformazioni significative per conferire all'edificio un aspetto più piacevole e ordinato e migliorarne, al tempo stesso, sicurezza e igiene. Nel 1825 , grazie ad un finanziamento ottenuto dalla Cassa di Risparmio di Milano, i lavori poterono iniziare sulla base del progetto dell' architetto Giovanni Francesco Lucchini .
Nel corso the years extension works were numerous, from the raising of two plans to the operations division of the internal spaces and the arrangement of the Council Chamber.

Murnigotti, Plan of the low and medium cities, 1892

the late nineteenth , the effective transfer to plan the locations of the main administrative offices, which had initiated its own Chamber of Commerce, sanctioned the centrality of the villages in terms of administrative and economic .

The buildings of the fair that following his disqualification as an opportunity to trade were in a state of deterioration, partly converted into shops stable, were increasingly perceived as a useless encumbrance that paralyzed the heart of whom gravitated to the settlements, productive and service sectors of the villages.

early twentieth century, and the Fair Sentierone (Stock Photo Sestini)

In this context of the choice of a reallocation of the radically innovative . From competitions bandits in the period 1906-1907 would eventually emerged what is the 'current appearance of the center between Sentierone, Piazza Vittorio Veneto, Viale Roma, viale Vittorio Emanuele II, Piazza Libertà and Largo Belotti, designed by the Roman architect Marcello Piacentini , then twenty-five but destined to become the protagonist of Italian architecture discussed between the two wars.

The Chamber of Commerce by the arcades of the old Piacentini

In those years, the Chamber of Commerce as expression entrepreneurship Bergamo, was assuming an increasingly prestigious in urban and provincial levels. At the root of all this is were the strengthening of the entrepreneurial class, and the authority of the personalities who took the chairmanship of the House in those years.

popular demonstration in front of the building of the Chamber of Commerce

It so happened that, when the City was finally able to begin the implementation of the project for Piacentini reform of the city center, was now a clear need for the Chamber of Commerce that it should have more space and prestigious . Given the lack of buildings in the city is eligible administrators Chambers decided to build a new headquarters in the former fair (Eastern area).

The Chamber of Commerce today

In 1921 space was bought and was approved to entrust the project for the erection of the building to the engineer Luigi Angelini (assisted by the technical part by Paul Magrini), as represented in Bergamo architect Piacentini alle cui realizzazioni sull'area della Fiera avrebbe dovuto adeguarsi l'impianto stilistico della nuova costruzione (Angelini progetta, oltre all'intero edificio, tutte le decorazioni a mosaico dei pavimenti di tutti i portici, mentre le targhe decorative sono di Edmondo Cattaneo).

L'interno

Fu poi chiesta una consulenza esterna per la scelta dei soggetti da dipingersi nelle lunette del salone consiliare , individuato come l'ambiente più rappresentativo dell'intero edificio: i16 pannelli del Salone del Consiglio are Giovan Battista Galizzi.
Initially the House Committee had considered in the lunettes represent some old and new economic activities in the province seized in their development. The idea, however, had to be abandoned because of the difficulties to represent those artistically themes. It was thus decided to choose the representation of some of the landscapes "more characteristic of the province and succestivi with respect to the different areas of the same".

Work began in May 1923 , was completed in two year allowing to take the opportunity of coming to Bergamo King Vittorio Emanuele III 1 November 1925, for the ceremony of 'opening . The ceremony was held with the utmost solemnity testifying to the importance of the "Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the province of Bergamo, which now dominates his spacious the local area in which a bargaining foreign buyers and artisans from orobico ... new office, which opens on the square dedicated to Dante and on which the Bank and Justice found accommodation with the Chamber, at the same time overlooking the Lower Town and Upper Town. Not more than two lives, not more than two contrasts. Soul which merges into silent work ... for a faith that looks to the future of Italy ... and it is spurred by the warning are daily coming down from the tower of the Fallen. "

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development indistrale in Bergamo and the cotton sector after the unification of Italy Garibaldi

Festi-Rasin, machine for processing cotton, fine '800

tumultuous years following the unification of Italy, began the century-long history of ' Italcementi : it is the end of 1864 that starts at the Scanzo Company Bergamo for the manufacture of cement and hydraulic lime , which puts its own direction Joseph Piccinelli .

The great adventure of concrete (1864-1964)

Even paper industry there is a significant development: the mill founded by Paolo Pigna in 1856 to Alzano Lombardo, a company becomes the century of national importance.

paper and printing industry (1860-1951)

The industrial take-off

Of great importance, despite the uncertainties regarding government, are the ' mechanical and steel industry: the first will certainly be counted among the Gregorini Lovere , led by Giovanni Andrea Gregorini , authentic picture of self-made man.
For the latter, at least until the end of 800, is the homemade to be predominant.

The steel industry and mechanical engineering (1861-1939)

parallel, the banking system begins to develop: Cesare Ginoulhiac is the first president of Mutual Bank Popolare di Bergamo 1869 to 1879, in the Board shall be called entrepreneurs and men related to serum Chamber of Commerce : Frizzoni, Malliani, Bertetto, Pagani, Pegurri . From 361,638 pounds of savings deposits in 1869 the People's Bank Mutual goes well in 1884 to 8,463,259 pounds!
born in 1873 in Bergamo Bank deposits and current accounts , a classic investment bank, which sees the presidency a descendant of the first industrial family Zuppinger and then Stefano Berizzi .

If the mid-nineteenth century the production of silk still plays a central role in the economy Bergamo c on the crisis in 1850-1851 serum (caused by a devastating disease of the silkworm and the shift of 'commercial route to Milan), ' s Bergamo economy is entering a new phase .

are witnessing, as since 1860, a restructuring of the silk mills that decrease in number, and implement the shift in focus from those basins steam .

At the same time there is a modernization anche nel comparto della filatura .

Ma è a partire  dal 1866 che, grazie ad un consistente gruppo di cotonieri svizzeri , l'economia bergamasca riceve un impulso impetuoso . 

Già nel 1828 uno svizzero del cantone di Zurigo, Giacomo Zuppinger , si era insediato con la propria filatura proprio in Città in Via Masone, 17 e, in seguito anche a Torre Boldone; a Ranica nel 1867 prende avvio la filatura e la torcitura di Gioachino Zopfi .

LA CRISI DELL'INDUSTRIA NATIONAL SILK

Towards the end of the nineteenth , after two centuries of development, the national silk industry is starting to signs of crisis. Silk, who had represented both economic development and manufacturing in Italy, especially for north-central regions , with a production capacity that posed the first places in the world, began a slow decline caused mainly dall'agguerrita Asian competition. In this context there are also difficulties in the first Bergamo, a city that had distinguished itself as one of most important manufacturing centers and bachicoli a livello nazionale , con circa duecento unità produttive tra stabilimenti per la confezione del seme-bachi , filande e filatoi disseminati su tutto il territorio, che davano lavoro a 20.000 persone per la maggior parte donne.

Gli effetti di questa crisi vengono però attutiti dalla continua espansione del mercato della seta a livello mondiale, che favorisce positivamente le performance commerciali italiane fino al 1906 . 

Dopo questa data il declino della seta, seppur alternato a momenti di ripresa, continuerà fino allo scoppio della seconda guerra mondiale , quando cioè un solo paese, il Giappone , arriverà a produrre il 90% dei manufatti di seta a livello mondiale.

A Bergamo si produceva prevalentemente seta tratta e seta torta (per le tessiture nazionali, ma soprattutto straniere ecc.), proprio quei prodotti, semilavorati, prevalentemente colpiti dalla concorrenza asiatica .
Si spiegano così le maggiori difficoltà accusate dal sistema seta bergamasco rispetto ad altre città come, per rimanere in Lombardia, quelle di Milano e Como.

Tra la fine dell’1800 e i primi anni del ‘900, le aziende locali in difficoltà vengono così acquisite da grosse società milanesi, ma anche francesi. In 1911 the French companies "Boutet and C. Frères", the "Plantier, C.," as well as the "General Soie" are owners of eleven production units. The company "Augusto Beaux" in Milan to possess five, the company anonymous "Thirst Tour," "Twisting Borgomanero" and the "Society for the spinning of silk" with its own seven. Other major companies come to Milan Bergamo in those years are "Zerbi," the "A. and C. Gibert," the "Sigg and Keller," the "Brothers of Gold", the "Gavazzi and C.".

Anyway in Bergamo after 1907 are no longer open for new mills and those working begins a slow trickle of deaths , 15 only during the years of the Great War. The census of 1927
detect 139 factories that will fall to 99 in 1937-40, when the crisis become irreversible , and about 44 in the early fifties less than 2000 total workers employed in the sector.

Women engaged in the processing of cotton, 1866

THE ADVENTURE OF COTTON

Within a few years , between 1867 and 1890 , Bergamo becomes, after Milan, the main cotton textile production area of \u200b\u200bLombardy and not just . the pre-existing Zuppinger company, founded in 1828 within the Muraine in 1866 following the weaving Nicola Schönenberger Via Borgo Palazzo, and the new spinning Zuppinger Tower Bordone, which actually begins cotton in the settlement Seriana Valley.
In 1867 is the time of spinning and twisting Cotton Gioachino Zopfi in Ranica in June 1874 in the weaving of the Milanese Redona Garbagnati Guidoni, and C. and in December of that year Scanzorosciate weaving Swiss mechanical and Güttinger Caprotti Brianza, 1875 spinning and weaving Legler Bridge St. Peter and firms Walty and Rodolfo C . mechanical weaving of cotton and Frederick Widmer Walty for spinning in Cene, in 1877 the mechanical weaving Blumer and Luchsinger Nembro and spinning and weaving Spörry and C. , then Honegger, Albino

Silk and cotton, two divergent trajectories industrial

At the end of 1879 the cotton industry in Bergamo could thus count on 80,000 spindles and 1,500 looms and employed 2000 workers.

We have already seen what were the reasons (1) that led so many Swiss companies in Bergamo .
The Swiss success stimulated capital Milan : In 1881 was born in Casnigo la filatura meccanica Paolo Muggiani e Andrea Taroni ; nel 1886 a Seriate Davide Turri installa 200 telai meccanici, mentre a Nembro prende avvio la filatura Crespi e C. e a Fiorano al Serio la filatura Tosi e Albini . E’ del 1888 la costituzione della prima società anonima nel tessile; nasce infatti il Cotonificio della Valle Seriana , frutto dell’integrazione tra capitali svizzeri e milanesi, che possiede il 23% circa dei telai e dei fusi presenti a Bergamo. L’anno seguente nasce la Società Anonima Cotonificio Bergamasco , anch’essa frutto dell’integrazione tra capitali.

L’impetuosa growth meant that at the end of the century there were 5,000 looms and 180,000 spindles, which were responsible for 8,000 workers. In 1923, the sector reached its maximum brightness, using about 50% of the workforce employed in industry Bergamo.

NOTES
(1) summarize here the reasons that led many Swiss companies in Bergamo:

• The wide availability of watercourses needed to move the machines, meant that the concessions they had a low price
• The low cost of labor , non-union, and the crisis of the silk industry and agriculture by providing a never-ending mass of workers and children
• Bergamo's proximity to markets and commercial nodes (Genoa, Turin, Milan, Venice) and the existence of a transport network that could put you in touch with the area's factories Como and Switzerland and Milan ·
• The existence of a well-established in Bergamo Swiss community of reformed religion
• The difficulties of the cotton industry in Switzerland
• The presence of Bergamo Bank deposits and current , central player in financial processes

Link

Bergamo Foundation for the History

No Murmur But Palpitations

The face of the urban

The urban fabric of Bergamo, as well as the collective historical memory, it is still characterized by the figure of Garibaldi and the experience of voluntary Expedition of the Thousand . The names and faces of the general Bergamo and its most celebrated contributors, along with the names of certain places and battles won, won in the space of a century a part of city spaces, naming streets and squares and monuments and plaques in materializing: it is an urban route that refers to the actual path of the expedition, but also the imaginary renaissance in the territory and the self-perception that the community wanted and that Bergamo had passed in reference to the way the unit.

The process begins during the epic story of The Thousand and continued after 1860 on the occasion of anniversaries of deaths of personality, marked by public ceremonies and supported by the work of construction of Italian identity, initiated by elites at the national level through reading in the heroic sense of the Risorgimento and ideologically unified, which is established and indispensable source of eternal values \u200b\u200b(home, monarchy, sacrifice, heroism, etc.)..

Recalling remind posterity and making the link between the city and Garibaldi, and even more the voluntary contribution of blood since unification in 1860 contrary to the intentions of the government of Turin, Bergamo Bergamo shape and features with their heroic role in the Risorgimento. No coincidence that the majority of place names in urban public spaces refers to the first part of the Expedition of the Thousand, the start of the Fourth Battle of Milazzo, the heroic phase, when the sun's military resources, ideological and human volunteers was given the success of 'enterprise: among them were the most the people of Bergamo numerous.

The connotation of urban spaces proceeds parallel to the memory of the Risorgimento and the Expedition, which took shape in the private individual and family, where the memory translated into images, objects and the written word occupies mental spaces and home with an identical array heroic. The presence of this matrix
heroic paradoxically also highlights the specific desire to avoid a complete identification between Bergamo and Garibaldi. The community Indeed, as demonstrated by the events of monument to Garibaldi, exalts the heroism and patriotism of the general, but rejects the anti-clericalism and democratic ideas.

50s of the twentieth century. Bergamo, the statue of Garibaldi in the Rotunda of the Thousand (right Teatro Duse, later demolished)

The itinerary outlined Garibaldi Urban beginning in 1860 in time becomes not only a "memento patriae "which drew the attention of citizens during the flow of everyday life, but a set of" combining sites "at public ceremonies which are held on the occasion of anniversaries and historical conventions, organized both by the authorities, either by private associations of veterans or party. The path widens
century size and values \u200b\u200bduring and after the First World War, when the myth of Garibaldi and the Risorgimento in general and in particular is called strongly urged by the official propaganda as a source of energy for the ideological "nation in arms. " The focal point of the route is placed first, then the seat of the University, which was inaugurated in 1917, the Civic Museum of the Risorgimento, and then at the complex of the fortress, where he opened in 1927, the Park of Remembrance for those killed during the war and which is then transferred to the Civic Museum in 1933. The complex thus becomes a place of memory town devoted to events and the protagonists of unification, then presented and handed down to posterity as a continuum of war and ideological conflict from the Risorgimento to the first world.

The centennial of the expedition of the Thousand and marks a flourishing of celebrations, dedications and studies of areas in which still intent, content and matrix of the heroic past, established in un'accreditata, collective reading of the Risorgimento and the role avutovi from Bergamo. The trail in Garibaldi city retains its center at the Civic Museum at the Castle, but expanded with a section dedicated to the Resistance, which in the full intentions of the curators from the standpoint of military and ideological continuity Risorgimento-twentieth century.
Today the face of the urban Garibaldi is still clearly visible and raises questions not so much about his past, but on its timeliness: the values \u200b\u200bthat preserve or before it and the existence and content of his dialogue with the community.

Horns, The Museum of the Risorgimento in Bergamo, "Museum & History", n. 6, year 2008

Bergamo Foundation for the History

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The Bergamo Historical Museum, in collaboration with the Paolo Moretti Fund for political satire, it exposes reproductions of some cartoons published in periodicals in English and Italian during the years 1860-1870 : are the themes of the Expedition of the Thousand of banditry south of Garibaldi's military exploits voluntary direct the liberation of Rome and Venice and the fall of the temporal power ecclesiastical .

The cartoons refer to some of the major newspapers devoted humor and satire, which include names of long tradition

• The Harlequin - Florence 1859. Newspaper, is published regularly until 1861, then until the end of the century in small series. Liberal political orientation, and shows sympathy Garibaldi leads to fierce campaign against the bureaucracy and the excesses of the Piedmont Mazzini.
• The whistle - Torino 1848 . Comes out three times a week November 2, 1848; in 1853 appears to be daily, ceased publication in 1916, but in 1923 some numbers out of the new series. One of the most important magazines of the Risorgimento.
• The Lamp Post - Florence 1848. Was published from 1848 to 1895, but suspended in different years and different frequency. Among the conductors Carlo Lorenzini figure, known as Collodi, author of Adventures of Pinocchio. He democratic political orientation.
• La Rana - Bologna 1865 . Exit until 1912 and in 1872 was the French edition. Adopt the color in 1879. The

authors are as well known in the field, often in the role of publishers or editors of specialist journals:

• Adolfo Matarelli (Florence 1832 - Gregory Bergamasco 1887). Illustrator of the book of poems by Giuseppe Giusti, popular designer in the satirical magazine "The Lamp" in Florence and "The Spirit elf" in Milan.
• Francis Redeemed (Correggio 1820 - Torino 1876). Contributor since 1849 of "The Whistle" in Turin, he became director in 1855. It is considered the most active and witty caricaturist of the period Cavour.
• Augusto Grossi (Bologna from 1835 to 1919). Founder and designer of magazines Bolognese "The Frog" and "The Parrot", deals mainly large colorful tables in issues of national policy.
• Casimiro Teja (Torino from 1830 to 1897). Collaborator of "The Whistle" in 1856 and director of "Pasquino", both magazines in Turin, Milan is also working to head "The Spirit elf," "Il Trovatore" and "Man of Stone". In 1862 he founded the Turin newspaper "Gianduja".
• John Tenniel (Kensington 1820 - London 1914). Book illustrator, collaborated on the famous London-based magazine "Punch". Introduced in the caricature stereotypes of the English lion and John Bull, making British interpreter of the spirit.

On the subject of political satire in the Italian Risorgimento, the Historical Museum offers an interesting essay taken from the book History of Italy in the nib of satire, "by Dino and Aloi Paolo Moretti, Torino, Edizioni Il nib 2006.

To enter the topic in the general framework of political satire in Italy is also possible to go through the exhibition " et Ludere harm. graphic humor and political satire ", staged at the exhibition section of the Historical Museum in Bergamo in 2007.

Brochure of the exhibition "Ludere et harm. Humor graphic and political satire" , held at the exhibitions section of the Historical Museum in 2007

History Foundation in Bergamo