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| Festi-Rasin, machine for processing cotton, fine '800 |
tumultuous years following the unification of Italy, began the century-long history of ' Italcementi : it is the end of 1864 that starts at the Scanzo Company Bergamo for the manufacture of cement and hydraulic lime , which puts its own direction Joseph Piccinelli .
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| The great adventure of concrete (1864-1964) |
Even paper industry there is a significant development: the mill founded by Paolo Pigna in 1856 to Alzano Lombardo, a company becomes the century of national importance.
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| paper and printing industry (1860-1951) |
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| The industrial take-off |
Of great importance, despite the uncertainties regarding government, are the ' mechanical and steel industry: the first will certainly be counted among the Gregorini Lovere , led by Giovanni Andrea Gregorini , authentic picture of self-made man.
For the latter, at least until the end of 800, is the homemade to be predominant.
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The steel industry and mechanical engineering (1861-1939) |
parallel, the banking system begins to develop: Cesare Ginoulhiac is the first president of Mutual Bank Popolare di Bergamo 1869 to 1879, in the Board shall be called entrepreneurs and men related to serum Chamber of Commerce : Frizzoni, Malliani, Bertetto, Pagani, Pegurri . From 361,638 pounds of savings deposits in 1869 the People's Bank Mutual goes well in 1884 to 8,463,259 pounds!
born in 1873 in Bergamo Bank deposits and current accounts , a classic investment bank, which sees the presidency a descendant of the first industrial family Zuppinger and then Stefano Berizzi .
If the mid-nineteenth century the production of silk still plays a central role in the economy Bergamo c on the crisis in 1850-1851 serum (caused by a devastating disease of the silkworm and the shift of 'commercial route to Milan), ' s Bergamo economy is entering a new phase .
are witnessing, as since 1860, a restructuring of the silk mills that decrease in number, and implement the shift in focus from those basins steam .
At the same time there is a modernization anche nel comparto della filatura .
Ma è a partire dal 1866 che, grazie ad un consistente gruppo di cotonieri svizzeri , l'economia bergamasca riceve un impulso impetuoso .
Già nel 1828 uno svizzero del cantone di Zurigo, Giacomo Zuppinger , si era insediato con la propria filatura proprio in Città in Via Masone, 17 e, in seguito anche a Torre Boldone; a Ranica nel 1867 prende avvio la filatura e la torcitura di Gioachino Zopfi .
LA CRISI DELL'INDUSTRIA NATIONAL SILK
Towards the end of the nineteenth , after two centuries of development, the national silk industry is starting to signs of crisis. Silk, who had represented both economic development and manufacturing in Italy, especially for north-central regions , with a production capacity that posed the first places in the world, began a slow decline caused mainly dall'agguerrita Asian competition. In this context there are also difficulties in the first Bergamo, a city that had distinguished itself as one of most important manufacturing centers and bachicoli a livello nazionale , con circa duecento unità produttive tra stabilimenti per la confezione del seme-bachi , filande e filatoi disseminati su tutto il territorio, che davano lavoro a 20.000 persone per la maggior parte donne.
A Bergamo si produceva prevalentemente seta tratta e seta torta (per le tessiture nazionali, ma soprattutto straniere ecc.), proprio quei prodotti, semilavorati, prevalentemente colpiti dalla concorrenza asiatica .
Si spiegano così le maggiori difficoltà accusate dal sistema seta bergamasco rispetto ad altre città come, per rimanere in Lombardia, quelle di Milano e Como.
Tra la fine dell’1800 e i primi anni del ‘900, le aziende locali in difficoltà vengono così acquisite da grosse società milanesi, ma anche francesi. In 1911 the French companies "Boutet and C. Frères", the "Plantier, C.," as well as the "General Soie" are owners of eleven production units. The company "Augusto Beaux" in Milan to possess five, the company anonymous "Thirst Tour," "Twisting Borgomanero" and the "Society for the spinning of silk" with its own seven. Other major companies come to Milan Bergamo in those years are "Zerbi," the "A. and C. Gibert," the "Sigg and Keller," the "Brothers of Gold", the "Gavazzi and C.".
Anyway in Bergamo after 1907 are no longer open for new mills and those working begins a slow trickle of deaths , 15 only during the years of the Great War. The census of 1927
detect 139 factories that will fall to 99 in 1937-40, when the crisis become irreversible , and about 44 in the early fifties less than 2000 total workers employed in the sector.
THE ADVENTURE OF COTTON
Gli effetti di questa crisi vengono però attutiti dalla continua espansione del mercato della seta a livello mondiale, che favorisce positivamente le performance commerciali italiane fino al 1906 .
Dopo questa data il declino della seta, seppur alternato a momenti di ripresa, continuerà fino allo scoppio della seconda guerra mondiale , quando cioè un solo paese, il Giappone , arriverà a produrre il 90% dei manufatti di seta a livello mondiale.
A Bergamo si produceva prevalentemente seta tratta e seta torta (per le tessiture nazionali, ma soprattutto straniere ecc.), proprio quei prodotti, semilavorati, prevalentemente colpiti dalla concorrenza asiatica .
Si spiegano così le maggiori difficoltà accusate dal sistema seta bergamasco rispetto ad altre città come, per rimanere in Lombardia, quelle di Milano e Como.
Tra la fine dell’1800 e i primi anni del ‘900, le aziende locali in difficoltà vengono così acquisite da grosse società milanesi, ma anche francesi. In 1911 the French companies "Boutet and C. Frères", the "Plantier, C.," as well as the "General Soie" are owners of eleven production units. The company "Augusto Beaux" in Milan to possess five, the company anonymous "Thirst Tour," "Twisting Borgomanero" and the "Society for the spinning of silk" with its own seven. Other major companies come to Milan Bergamo in those years are "Zerbi," the "A. and C. Gibert," the "Sigg and Keller," the "Brothers of Gold", the "Gavazzi and C.".
Anyway in Bergamo after 1907 are no longer open for new mills and those working begins a slow trickle of deaths , 15 only during the years of the Great War. The census of 1927
detect 139 factories that will fall to 99 in 1937-40, when the crisis become irreversible , and about 44 in the early fifties less than 2000 total workers employed in the sector.
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| Women engaged in the processing of cotton, 1866 |
THE ADVENTURE OF COTTON
Within a few years , between 1867 and 1890 , Bergamo becomes, after Milan, the main cotton textile production area of \u200b\u200bLombardy and not just . the pre-existing Zuppinger company, founded in 1828 within the Muraine in 1866 following the weaving Nicola Schönenberger Via Borgo Palazzo, and the new spinning Zuppinger Tower Bordone, which actually begins cotton in the settlement Seriana Valley.
In 1867 is the time of spinning and twisting Cotton Gioachino Zopfi in Ranica in June 1874 in the weaving of the Milanese Redona Garbagnati Guidoni, and C. and in December of that year Scanzorosciate weaving Swiss mechanical and Güttinger Caprotti Brianza, 1875 spinning and weaving Legler Bridge St. Peter and firms Walty and Rodolfo C . mechanical weaving of cotton and Frederick Widmer Walty for spinning in Cene, in 1877 the mechanical weaving Blumer and Luchsinger Nembro and spinning and weaving Spörry and C. , then Honegger, Albino
At the end of 1879 the cotton industry in Bergamo could thus count on 80,000 spindles and 1,500 looms and employed 2000 workers.
We have already seen what were the reasons (1) that led so many Swiss companies in Bergamo .
The Swiss success stimulated capital Milan : In 1881 was born in Casnigo la filatura meccanica Paolo Muggiani e Andrea Taroni ; nel 1886 a Seriate Davide Turri installa 200 telai meccanici, mentre a Nembro prende avvio la filatura Crespi e C. e a Fiorano al Serio la filatura Tosi e Albini . E’ del 1888 la costituzione della prima società anonima nel tessile; nasce infatti il Cotonificio della Valle Seriana , frutto dell’integrazione tra capitali svizzeri e milanesi, che possiede il 23% circa dei telai e dei fusi presenti a Bergamo. L’anno seguente nasce la Società Anonima Cotonificio Bergamasco , anch’essa frutto dell’integrazione tra capitali.
L’impetuosa growth meant that at the end of the century there were 5,000 looms and 180,000 spindles, which were responsible for 8,000 workers. In 1923, the sector reached its maximum brightness, using about 50% of the workforce employed in industry Bergamo.
In 1867 is the time of spinning and twisting Cotton Gioachino Zopfi in Ranica in June 1874 in the weaving of the Milanese Redona Garbagnati Guidoni, and C. and in December of that year Scanzorosciate weaving Swiss mechanical and Güttinger Caprotti Brianza, 1875 spinning and weaving Legler Bridge St. Peter and firms Walty and Rodolfo C . mechanical weaving of cotton and Frederick Widmer Walty for spinning in Cene, in 1877 the mechanical weaving Blumer and Luchsinger Nembro and spinning and weaving Spörry and C. , then Honegger, Albino
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| Silk and cotton, two divergent trajectories industrial |
At the end of 1879 the cotton industry in Bergamo could thus count on 80,000 spindles and 1,500 looms and employed 2000 workers.
We have already seen what were the reasons (1) that led so many Swiss companies in Bergamo .
The Swiss success stimulated capital Milan : In 1881 was born in Casnigo la filatura meccanica Paolo Muggiani e Andrea Taroni ; nel 1886 a Seriate Davide Turri installa 200 telai meccanici, mentre a Nembro prende avvio la filatura Crespi e C. e a Fiorano al Serio la filatura Tosi e Albini . E’ del 1888 la costituzione della prima società anonima nel tessile; nasce infatti il Cotonificio della Valle Seriana , frutto dell’integrazione tra capitali svizzeri e milanesi, che possiede il 23% circa dei telai e dei fusi presenti a Bergamo. L’anno seguente nasce la Società Anonima Cotonificio Bergamasco , anch’essa frutto dell’integrazione tra capitali.
L’impetuosa growth meant that at the end of the century there were 5,000 looms and 180,000 spindles, which were responsible for 8,000 workers. In 1923, the sector reached its maximum brightness, using about 50% of the workforce employed in industry Bergamo.
NOTES
(1) summarize here the reasons that led many Swiss companies in Bergamo:
- The wide availability of watercourses needed to move the machines, meant that the concessions they had a low price
- The low cost of labor , non-union, and the crisis of the silk industry and agriculture by providing a never-ending mass of workers and children
- Bergamo's proximity to markets and commercial nodes (Genoa, Turin, Milan, Venice) and the existence of a transport network that could put you in touch with the area's factories Como and Switzerland and Milan ·
- The existence of a well-established in Bergamo Swiss community of reformed religion
- The difficulties of the cotton industry in Switzerland
- The presence of Bergamo Bank deposits and current , central player in financial processes
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